Table of Contents
S.1 Background.......................................................................................................................S-1
S.1.1 Vector-Borne Diseases in Program Area..........................................................S-1
S.1.2 Authority to Implement Vector Control ..............................................................S-2
S.2 Program Objectives and Purpose.....................................................................................S-2
S.3 Public Involvement Summary...........................................................................................S-3
S.4 Areas of Known Public Concern.......................................................................................S-3
S.5 Proposed Program Alternatives........................................................................................S-4
S.5.1 Proposed Program ............................................................................................S-4
S.5.1.1 Surveillance ........................................................................................S-6
S.5.1.2 Physical Control..................................................................................S-6
S.5.1.3 Vegetation Management ....................................................................S-6
S.5.1.4 Biological Control................................................................................S-7
S.5.1.5 Chemical Control ................................................................................S-8
S.5.1.6 Nonchemical Control/Trapping...........................................................S-8
S.5.2 Alternatives Eliminated From Further Consideration ........................................S-9
S.5.3 Environmentally Superior Alternative..............................................................S-10
S.6 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................................S-10
1.1 History and Background ...................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Vector-Borne Diseases in Program Area..........................................................1-1
1.1.1.1 Mosquitoes .........................................................................................1-1
1.1.1.2 Other Arthropod Vectors.....................................................................1-4
1.1.1.3 Mammals ............................................................................................1-7
1.1.2 Potential for Human and Animal Illness ............................................................1-9
1.1.3 Legislative and Regulatory Actions...................................................................1-9
1.2 Program Objectives/Purpose and Need.........................................................................1-12
1.2.1 Program Objectives.........................................................................................1-12
1.2.2 Purpose and Need ..........................................................................................1-12
1.3 Alternatives Considered in this Programmatic Environmental Impact Report ............1-13
1.4 Public Involvement .........................................................................................................1-14
1.4.1 CEQA Public Scoping .....................................................................................1-14
1.4.2 Public Scoping for Programmatic Environmental Impact Report....................1-15
1.4.3 Areas of Known Public Concern .....................................................................1-15
1.4.4 Distribution of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Report.....................1-16
1.5 Environmental Concerns ................................................................................................1-17
1.5.1 Urban and Rural Land Uses............................................................................1-17
1.5.2 Biological Resources-Aquatic .........................................................................1-17
1.5.3 Biological Resources-Terrestrial .....................................................................1-18
1.5.4 Ecological Health Hazards ..............................................................................1-19
1.5.5 Human Health Hazards...................................................................................1-19
1.5.6 Public Services and Hazard Response...........................................................1-20
1.5.7 Water Quality...................................................................................................1-20
1.5.8 Air Quality and Climate Change......................................................................1-20
1.5.9 Noise ...............................................................................................................1-21
1.6 Impacts Not Given In-Depth Evaluation in This Programmatic Environmental Impact Report .............................................................................................................................1-21
1.7 Report Organization and Significance Terminology.......................................................1-22
1.8 Use of This PEIR for Future CEQA Compliance............................................................1-24
1.8.1 Future Activities...............................................................................................1-25
1.8.1.1 Future Chemical Treatments ............................................................1-25
1.8.1.2 Appendix B Summary and Exempt Materials...................................1-25
1.8.1.3 Future Formulations .........................................................................1-26
1.8.2 Future Nonchemical Treatments.....................................................................1-27
1.8.2.1 Future Nonchemical Treatments by the District ...............................1-27
1.8.2.2 Future Nonchemical Treatments by Landowners/Managers ...........1-28
2.1 Program Area and Vicinity................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Program Objectives ..........................................................................................................2-1
2.2.1 Purpose and Need ............................................................................................2-1
2.2.2 Program Objectives...........................................................................................2-2
2.3 Proposed Program ...........................................................................................................2-5
2.3.1 Surveillance Alternative.....................................................................................2-7
2.3.1.1 Mosquito Surveillance ........................................................................2-7
2.3.1.2 Tick Surveillance ................................................................................2-9
2.3.1.3 Yellow Jacket and Other Wasps.......................................................2-10
2.3.1.4 Rodent Surveillance .........................................................................2-10
2.3.1.5 Other Vector Surveillance.................................................................2-10
2.3.2 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................2-10
2.3.2.1 Mosquitoes .......................................................................................2-11
Physical control for mosquitoes ......................................................................2-11
2.3.2.2 Other Vectors....................................................................................2-15
2.3.3 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................2-16
2.3.4 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................2-17
2.3.4.1 Mosquito Pathogens.........................................................................2-17
2.3.4.2 Mosquito Parasites ...........................................................................2-22
2.3.4.3 Mosquito Predators ..........................................................................2-22
2.3.4.4 Other Vectors....................................................................................2-23
2.3.5 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................2-23
2.3.5.1 Mosquito Abatement.........................................................................2-24
2.3.5.2 Yellow Jacket and Tick Abatement ..................................................2-40
2.3.5.3 Rodent Abatement............................................................................2-41
2.3.6 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................2-46
2.4 Public Education.............................................................................................................2-46
2.5 Emergency Activities ......................................................................................................2-47
2.6 Vehicles and Equipment Used to implement the Program.............................................2-47
2.6.1 Vehicles and Equipment for Ground Surveillance and Chemical Application.......................................................................................................2-50
2.6.2 Boats for Water Surveillance and Application.................................................2-50
2.6.3 Aerial Application ............................................................................................2-51
2.7 Other Program Alternatives ............................................................................................2-51
2.7.1 No Program Alternative...................................................................................2-51
2.7.2 Alternatives Eliminated from Further Consideration .......................................2-51
2.7.3 Other Alternatives ...........................................................................................2-52
2.7.4 Environmentally Superior Alternative..............................................................2-53
2.8 Other Required Permits and Agency Coordination ........................................................2-54
2.8.1 Required Permits ............................................................................................2-54
2.8.1.1 California Department of Public Health ............................................2-54
2.8.1.2 Statewide General NPDES Permit for Vector Control......................2-54
2.8.1.3 Statewide General NPDES Permit for Algae and Aquatic Weed Control ..............................................................................................2-54
2.8.1.4 United States Army Corps of Engineers...........................................2-55
2.8.1.5 United States Fish and Wildlife Service ...........................................2-55
2.8.1.6 County Agricultural Commissioner ...................................................2-55
2.8.2 Agency Coordination.......................................................................................2-55
2.9 Best Management Practices...........................................................................................2-56
2.9.1 District Program BMPs....................................................................................2-56
2.9.1.1 California Pesticide Regulatory Program .........................................2-56
2.9.2 Other BMPs for Mosquito and/or Vector Control ............................................2-57
2.9.3 Other BMPs for Mosquito and/or Vector Control ............................................2-71
3.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 Overview of Urban and Rural Land Use ...........................................................3-1
3.1.2 Public Lands......................................................................................................3-2
3.1.3 Regulatory Setting.............................................................................................3-3
3.1.3.1 Federal................................................................................................3-3
3.1.3.2 State ...................................................................................................3-3
3.1.3.3 Local ...................................................................................................3-3
3.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.............................................................3-4
3.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .....................................................................3-4
3.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..............................................................3-4
3.2.3 Surveillance Alternative.....................................................................................3-5
3.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ..............................................................................3-6
3.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative.................................................................3-6
3.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ............................................................................3-7
3.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative.............................................................................3-7
3.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative .............................................3-8
3.2.9 Cumulative Impacts...........................................................................................3-8
3.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary .....................................................................3-9
3.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................3-12
4.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................4-1 4.1.1 Aquatic and Wetland Resources within the Program Area...............................4-1 4.1.2 Special Status Species .....................................................................................4-6 4.1.3 Regulatory Setting...........................................................................................4-31 4.1.3.1 Federal..............................................................................................4-31 4.1.3.2 State .................................................................................................4-33 4.1.3.3 Local .................................................................................................4-34 4.1.4 Habitat Conservation Plans and Natural Community Conservation Plans .....4-36 4.1.4.1 Turkey Road Low Effects HCP.........................................................4-37 4.1.4.2 California Department of Corrections Statewide Electrified Fence Project...............................................................................................4-38 4.1.4.3 Shiloh III............................................................................................4-38 4.1.4.4 Shiloh IV ...........................................................................................4-38 4.1.4.5 Bay Delta Conservation Plan............................................................4-38 4.1.4.6 Solano Habitat Conservation Plan ...................................................4-39 4.1.4.7 Yolo Natural Heritage Program ........................................................4-39 4.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...........................................................4-40 4.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria ...................................................................4-40 4.2.1.1 Environmental Concerns ..................................................................4-40 4.2.1.2 Significance Criteria..........................................................................4-41 4.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions............................................................4-41 4.2.2.1 Evaluation Methods ..........................................................................4-41 4.2.2.2 Assumptions .....................................................................................4-59 4.2.2.3 Hazardous Material ..........................................................................4-61 4.2.2.4 Toxicity and Exposure ......................................................................4-61 4.2.2.5 Chemistry, Fate, and Transport........................................................4-62 4.2.2.6 Ecological Food Web........................................................................4-62 4.2.3 Surveillance Alternative...................................................................................4-63 4.2.3.1 Impacts to Special Status Species ...................................................4-64 4.2.3.2 Impacts to Habitat.............................................................................4-65 4.2.3.3 Impacts to Migration and Movement ................................................4-66 4.2.3.4 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-66 4.2.3.5 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-67 4.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................4-67 4.2.4.1 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................4-67 4.2.4.2 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................4-72 4.2.4.3 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-73 4.2.4.4 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-73 4.2.4.5 Other Vectors....................................................................................4-73
4.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................4-73 4.2.5.1 Physical Vegetation Removal...........................................................4-74 4.2.5.2 Herbicides.........................................................................................4-74 4.2.5.3 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................4-77 4.2.5.4 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-80 4.2.5.5 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-80 4.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................4-80 4.2.6.1 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................4-81 4.2.6.2 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................4-81 4.2.6.3 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-81 4.2.6.4 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-82 4.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................4-82 4.2.7.1 Impacts to Special Status Species ...................................................4-85 4.2.7.2 Impacts to Habitats...........................................................................4-89 4.2.7.3 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................4-89 4.2.7.4 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-90 4.2.7.5 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-90 4.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................4-90 4.2.8.1 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................4-90 4.2.8.2 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................4-91 4.2.8.3 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................4-91 4.2.8.4 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................4-91 4.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................4-92 4.2.9.1 Regional Fisheries Trends................................................................4-92 4.2.9.2 Program Alternatives ........................................................................4-93 4.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................4-94 4.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ..............................................................................4-101
5.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................5-1 5.1.1 Terrestrial Resources within the Program Area................................................5-1 5.1.2 Special Status Species .....................................................................................5-5 5.1.3 Regulatory Setting.............................................................................................5-5 5.1.3.1 Federal................................................................................................5-5 5.1.3.2 State ...................................................................................................5-7 5.1.3.3 Local ...................................................................................................5-8 5.1.4 Habitat Conservation Plans and Natural Community Conservation Plans .....5-11 5.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...........................................................5-11 5.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria ...................................................................5-11 5.2.1.1 Environmental Concerns ..................................................................5-11 5.2.1.2 Significance Criteria..........................................................................5-13 5.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions............................................................5-13 5.2.2.1 Evaluation Methods ..........................................................................5-13 5.2.2.2 Assumptions .....................................................................................5-31
5.2.2.3 Chemistry, Fate, and Transport........................................................5-34 5.2.2.4 Ecological Food Webs......................................................................5-35 5.2.3 Surveillance Alternative...................................................................................5-36 5.2.3.1 Impacts to Special Status Species ...................................................5-36 5.2.3.2 Impacts to Habitat.............................................................................5-37 5.2.3.3 Impacts to Migration and Movement ................................................5-38 5.2.3.4 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................5-38 5.2.3.5 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................5-39 5.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................5-39 5.2.4.1 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................5-39 5.2.4.2 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................5-45 5.2.4.3 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................5-45 5.2.4.4 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................5-45 5.2.4.5 Other Vectors....................................................................................5-46 5.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................5-46 5.2.5.1 Physical Vegetation Removal...........................................................5-46 5.2.5.2 Herbicides.........................................................................................5-47 5.2.5.3 Adjuvants ..........................................................................................5-48 5.2.5.4 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................5-49 5.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................5-55 5.2.6.1 Mosquito Larvae Pathogens.............................................................5-55 5.2.6.2 Mosquito Predators ..........................................................................5-55 5.2.6.3 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................5-56 5.2.6.4 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................5-56 5.2.6.5 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................5-57 5.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................5-57 5.2.7.1 Impacts to Special Status Species ...................................................5-59 5.2.7.2 Impacts to Habitat.............................................................................5-69 5.2.7.3 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................5-69 5.2.7.4 Conflicts with Local Policies .............................................................5-69 5.2.7.5 Conflicts with HCP/NCCPs...............................................................5-69 5.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................5-70 5.2.8.1 Impacts to Special Status Species and Habitats..............................5-70 5.2.8.2 Effects on Movement and Migration.................................................5-71 5.2.8.3 Conflict with Local Policies ...............................................................5-71 5.2.8.4 Conflict with Conservation Plans......................................................5-71 5.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................5-72 5.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................5-73 5.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................5-79
6.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................6-1 6.1.1 Hazards, Toxicity, and Exposure in the Environmental Setting ........................6-1 6.1.1.1 Toxicity and Exposure ........................................................................6-2 6.1.1.2 Chemistry, Fate, and Transport..........................................................6-2 6.1.1.3 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification...............................................6-3 6.1.2 Pesticides and the Environment........................................................................6-3 6.1.3 Regulatory Setting.............................................................................................6-5 6.1.3.1 Federal................................................................................................6-5 6.1.3.2 State of California ...............................................................................6-6 6.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.............................................................6-7 6.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .....................................................................6-7 6.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions............................................................6-10 6.2.3 Surveillance Alternative...................................................................................6-15 6.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................6-15 Physical control for mosquitoes .......................................................................6-15 6.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................6-16 6.2.5.1 Herbicides.........................................................................................6-17 6.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................6-19 6.2.6.1 Mosquito Larvae Pathogens.............................................................6-19 6.2.6.2 Mosquito Predators ..........................................................................6-20 6.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................6-20 6.2.7.1 Mosquito Larvicides..........................................................................6-22 6.2.7.2 Mosquito Adulticides.........................................................................6-25 6.2.7.3 Yellow Jacket Wasp and Tick Adulticides ........................................6-28 6.2.7.4 Rodenticides .....................................................................................6-29 6.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................6-31 6.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................6-31 6.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................6-32 6.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................6-36
7.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................7-1 7.1.1 Population Characteristics of the Program Area...............................................7-1 7.1.2 Hazards, Toxicity, and Exposure in the Environmental Setting ........................7-2 7.1.2.1 Toxicity and Exposure ........................................................................7-2 7.1.2.2 Chemistry, Fate, and Transport..........................................................7-3 7.1.3 Pesticides and the Environment........................................................................7-3 7.1.4 Regulatory Environment....................................................................................7-5 7.1.4.1 Federal................................................................................................7-5 7.1.4.2 State of California ...............................................................................7-6
7.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.............................................................7-8 7.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .....................................................................7-8 7.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..............................................................7-9 7.2.3 Surveillance Alternative...................................................................................7-12 7.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................7-13 Physical Control for mosquitoes .....................................................................7-13 7.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................7-13 7.2.5.1 Herbicides.........................................................................................7-14 7.2.5.2 Adjuvants ..........................................................................................7-15 7.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................7-16 7.2.6.1 Mosquito Larvae Pathogens.............................................................7-16 7.2.6.2 Mosquito Predators ..........................................................................7-16 7.2.6.3 Other Vectors....................................................................................7-17 7.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................7-17 7.2.7.1 Mosquito Larvicides..........................................................................7-18 7.2.7.2 Mosquito Adulticides.........................................................................7-20 7.2.7.3 Yellow Jacket Wasp and Tick Adulticides ........................................7-23 7.2.7.4 Rodenticides .....................................................................................7-24 7.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................7-25 7.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................7-26 7.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................7-26 7.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................7-29
8.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................8-1 8.1.1 Overview of Public Services and Hazard Response.........................................8-1 8.1.2 Regulatory Setting.............................................................................................8-2 8.1.2.1 State ...................................................................................................8-2 8.1.2.2 Local ...................................................................................................8-3 8.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.............................................................8-3 8.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .....................................................................8-3 8.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..............................................................8-5 8.2.2.1 Methodology .......................................................................................8-5 8.2.2.2 Assumptions .......................................................................................8-5 8.2.3 Surveillance Alternative.....................................................................................8-6 8.2.3.1 Increase Demand for Police, Fire, or Health-Care Services ..............8-6 8.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ..............................................................................8-7 8.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative.................................................................8-8 8.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................8-10 8.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................8-11 8.2.7.1 Mosquito Ground Application ...........................................................8-11 8.2.7.2 Mosquito Aerial Application ..............................................................8-14 8.2.7.3 Yellow Jackets, Ticks, and Rodents.................................................8-16 8.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................8-17 8.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................8-18
8.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................8-18 8.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................8-23
9.1 Environmental Setting ......................................................................................................9-1 9.1.1 California's Hydrologic and Geomorphic Regions ............................................9-1 9.1.1.1 San Francisco Bay Hydrologic Region...............................................9-1 9.1.1.2 North Coast Hydrologic Region..........................................................9-6 9.1.1.3 Sacramento River Hydrologic Region ................................................9-6 9.1.1.4 San Joaquin River Hydrologic Region................................................9-7 9.1.1.5 Existing Water Quality ........................................................................9-8 9.1.2 Regulatory Setting.............................................................................................9-9 9.1.2.1 Federal................................................................................................9-9 9.1.2.2 State .................................................................................................9-12 9.1.2.3 Local .................................................................................................9-16 9.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...........................................................9-17 9.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria ...................................................................9-17 9.2.1.1 Thresholds of Significance ...............................................................9-18 9.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions............................................................9-19 9.2.2.1 Methodology .....................................................................................9-19 9.2.2.2 Assumptions .....................................................................................9-24 9.2.2.3 Toxicity and Exposure ......................................................................9-24 9.2.3 Surveillance Alternative...................................................................................9-25 9.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ............................................................................9-25 9.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative...............................................................9-27 9.2.5.1 Mechanical Removal of Vegetation..................................................9-27 9.2.5.2 Application of Herbicides ..................................................................9-28 9.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ..........................................................................9-31 9.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................9-31 9.2.7.1 Mosquito Larvicides..........................................................................9-33 9.2.7.2 Mosquito Adulticides.........................................................................9-35 9.2.7.3 Yellow Jacket Abatement .................................................................9-38 9.2.7.4 Tick Abatement.................................................................................9-38 9.2.7.5 Rodenticides .....................................................................................9-39 9.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative ...........................................9-40 9.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.........................................................................................9-40 9.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary ...................................................................9-40 9.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................9-45
10.1 Environmental Setting ....................................................................................................10-1 10.1.1 Program Location............................................................................................10-1 10.1.2 Meteorology and Climate ................................................................................10-2 10.1.3 Criteria Air Pollutants and Potential Health Impacts .......................................10-2 10.1.3.1 Ozone ...............................................................................................10-2 10.1.3.2 Nitrogen Dioxide ...............................................................................10-2
10.1.3.3 Carbon Monoxide .............................................................................10-3 10.1.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide ...................................................................................10-3 10.1.3.5 Respirable Particulate Matter, 10 Microns .......................................10-3 10.1.3.6 Fine Particulate Matter, 2.5 Microns.................................................10-4 10.1.4 Relationship of Air Pollution to Asthma...........................................................10-4 10.1.4.1 Sensitive Receptors..........................................................................10-4 10.1.5 Existing Air Quality ..........................................................................................10-5 10.1.5.1 Sources of Air Pollutants ..................................................................10-5 10.1.5.2 Volatile Organic Compounds............................................................10-6 10.1.6 Regulatory Framework....................................................................................10-7 10.1.6.1 Standards and Attainment Status.....................................................10-7 10.1.6.2 Federal Authority ..............................................................................10-9 10.1.6.3 State Authority ................................................................................10-10 10.1.6.4 Local Authority................................................................................10-10 10.1.6.5 Source-Specific Regulations ..........................................................10-10 10.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.........................................................10-13 10.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .................................................................10-13 10.2.1.1 Standards of Significance...............................................................10-13 10.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..........................................................10-16 10.2.3 Surveillance Alternative.................................................................................10-23 10.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ..........................................................................10-25 10.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative.............................................................10-27 10.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ........................................................................10-28 10.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative.........................................................................10-30 10.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative .........................................10-32 10.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.......................................................................................10-34 10.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary .................................................................10-35 10.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ..............................................................................10-41
11.1 Environmental Setting ....................................................................................................11-1 11.1.1 Global Climate Change ...................................................................................11-1 11.1.1.1 Local Climate....................................................................................11-1 11.1.2 The Greenhouse Effect...................................................................................11-1 11.1.3 Greenhouse Gases and Their Emissions .......................................................11-3 11.1.3.1 The Atmosphere ...............................................................................11-3 11.1.3.2 Greenhouse Gases ..........................................................................11-4 11.1.3.3 Emission Sources.............................................................................11-5 11.1.3.4 Mobile Sources.................................................................................11-6 11.1.3.5 Sensitive Receptors..........................................................................11-6 11.1.4 California Climate Impacts ..............................................................................11-7 11.1.4.1 State Policies ....................................................................................11-7 11.1.5 Emissions Inventories .....................................................................................11-7 11.1.6 Potential for Mitigation...................................................................................11-10
11.1.7 Regulatory Setting.........................................................................................11-10 11.1.7.1 Federal............................................................................................11-10 11.1.7.2 State ...............................................................................................11-11 11.1.7.3 Local ...............................................................................................11-13 11.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigations Measures.......................................................11-18 11.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria .................................................................11-18 11.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..........................................................11-18 11.2.3 Surveillance Alternative.................................................................................11-20 11.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ..........................................................................11-21 11.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative.............................................................11-22 11.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ........................................................................11-23 11.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative.........................................................................11-24 11.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative .........................................11-24 11.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.......................................................................................11-25 11.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary .................................................................11-26 11.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ..............................................................................11-29
12.1 Environmental Setting ....................................................................................................12-1 12.1.1 Overview of Environmental Sound..................................................................12-1 12.1.2 Community Noise Levels ................................................................................12-2 12.1.3 Noise Level Acceptance Criteria.....................................................................12-3 12.1.4 Sensitive Receptors ........................................................................................12-3 12.1.5 Regulatory Setting...........................................................................................12-3 12.1.5.1 Federal Regulations .........................................................................12-3 12.1.5.2 State Regulations .............................................................................12-6 12.1.5.3 Local Regulations .............................................................................12-8 12.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...........................................................12-8 12.2.1 Evaluation Concerns and Criteria ...................................................................12-8 12.2.2 Evaluation Methods and Assumptions..........................................................12-14 12.2.2.1 Methodology ...................................................................................12-14 12.2.2.2 Assumptions ...................................................................................12-15 12.2.3 Surveillance Alternative.................................................................................12-15 12.2.3.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-16 12.2.3.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-17 12.2.4 Physical Control Alternative ..........................................................................12-17 12.2.4.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-18 12.2.4.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-18 12.2.5 Vegetation Management Alternative.............................................................12-19 12.2.5.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-20 12.2.5.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-20 12.2.6 Biological Control Alternative ........................................................................12-20 12.2.6.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-21 12.2.6.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-21
12.2.7 Chemical Control Alternative.........................................................................12-21 12.2.7.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-22 12.2.7.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-23 12.2.8 Other Nonchemical Control/Trapping Alternative .........................................12-23 12.2.8.1 Exceedance of Noise Standards ....................................................12-24 12.2.8.2 Substantial Temporary Increase in Noise Levels ...........................12-24 12.2.9 Cumulative Impacts.......................................................................................12-24 12.2.10 Environmental Impacts Summary .................................................................12-24 12.2.11 Mitigation and Monitoring ..............................................................................12-28
13.1 Urban and Rural Land Uses ...........................................................................................13-3 13.2 Biological Resources – Aquatic ......................................................................................13-3 13.2.1 Regional Fisheries Trends ..............................................................................13-3 13.2.1.1 Pelagic Organism Decline (POD).....................................................13-3 13.2.1.2 Salmonid Population Trends ............................................................13-5 13.2.2 Program Alternatives.......................................................................................13-5 13.2.2.1 Physical Control Alternative..............................................................13-6 13.2.2.2 Vegetation Management Alternative ................................................13-6 13.2.2.3 Chemical Control Alternative............................................................13-7 13.3 Biological Resources – Terrestrial..................................................................................13-7 13.3.1 Effects on Pollinators ......................................................................................13-8 13.3.2 Vegetation Management.................................................................................13-9 13.3.3 Chemical Control Alternative...........................................................................13-9 13.4 Ecological Health..........................................................................................................13-10 13.5 Human Health...............................................................................................................13-15 13.6 Public Services and Hazard Response ........................................................................13-16 13.7 Water Resources..........................................................................................................13-16 13.8 Air Quality .....................................................................................................................13-17 13.9 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change ....................................................................13-17 13.10 Noise.............................................................................................................................13-18 13.11 Summary of Cumulative Impacts..................................................................................13-18
14.1 Significant Unavoidable Impacts ....................................................................................14-1
14.1.1 No Program.....................................................................................................14-1
14.1.2 Proposed Program Alternatives ......................................................................14-1
14.2 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources .............................................14-1
14.2.1 Energy Resources...........................................................................................14-2
14.2.2 Environmental Accidents.................................................................................14-2
14.3 Growth-Inducing Impacts................................................................................................14-2
14.4 Energy Requirements and Conservation Measures.......................................................14-3
15.1 Alternatives Analysis and Screening Process ................................................................15-1
15.2 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated .........................................................................15-1
15.3 No Program ....................................................................................................................15-3
15.4 Alternatives to Reduce Significant Impacts ....................................................................15-5
15.4.1 Reduced Chemical Control Alternative ...........................................................15-6
15.4.2 No Chemical Control Alternative.....................................................................15-7
15.5 Comparison of Alternatives ............................................................................................15-8
15.6 Environmentally Superior Alternative .............................................................................15-9
16.1 Napa County Mosquito Abatement District ....................................................................16-1
16.2 Consultant Team ............................................................................................................16-1